Security in Latin America:
Colombia

For links about U.S. military aid to Colombia, visit CIP's U.S. Aid to Colombia website.

Colombia

• "Background Notes: Colombia." From U.S. Department of State. January 1999.
• "CIA World Factbook 1999: Colombia." From U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 1999.
• "Colombia - A Country Study." U.S. Library of Congress.
• "A 10 Años de Esquipulas II: Sangre, luto y dolor pueden abonar paz en COLOMBIA." De Diálogo Centroamericano para la Seguridad y la Desmilitarización. 08/01/1997.
• "Colombian Sovereignty Under Siege." By James L. Zackrison and Eileen Bradley. From Strategic Forum Series, National Defense University. 05/01/1997.
• "Colombia Update." By Coletta Youngers and Amy Nahley. From Washington Office on Latin America. 02/13/1997.

Counternarcotics: Colombia

For links about U.S. military aid to Colombia, visit CIP's U.S. Aid to Colombia website.

• Transcript: McCaffrey Briefs Reporters at Foreign Press Center, August 30, 1999
• Drug Control: Narcotics Threat from Colombia Continues to Grow, General Accounting Office, Plain text / Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format
• McCaffrey letter on need for enhanced Counterdrug Program, July 13, 1999
• "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1998: Colombia." From U.S. Department of State. March 1999.
• "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1998: Colombia / Ecuador / Paraguay." From U.S. Department of State. March 1999.
• "DoD News Briefing, Tuesday, May 26, 1998." DefenseLink News, May 28, 1998. [Scroll down for discussion of JCET training with Colombian security forces.]
• "Drug Control: Counternarcotics Efforts in Colombia Face Continuing Challenges," General Accounting Office (GAO), document no. T-NSIAD-98-103, February 26, 1998. [Plain text / Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format]
• "Drug Control: U.S. Counternarcotics Efforts in Colombia Face Continuing Challenges," General Accounting Office (GAO), document no. NSIAD-98-60, February 12, 1998. [Plain text / Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format]
• "U.S. Counternarcotics Policy Toward Colombia. Testimony by Assistant Secretary Robert S. Gelbard." From U.S. Department of State. 02/14/1997.
• "U.S. Counternarcotics Policy Toward Colombia. Testimony by Assistant Secretary Robert S. Gelbard." From U.S. Department of State. 09/11/1996.
• "Coca Eradication Efforts in Colombia." By Coletta Youngers. From Washington Office on Latin America. 06/02/1997.

Human rights: Colombia

• "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1998: Colombia." From U.S. Department of State. 2/26/1999.
• "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1997: Colombia." From U.S. Department of State. 01/30/1998.
• "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1996: Colombia." From U.S. Department of State. 01/30/1997.
• Amnesty International: Annual Report on Colombia 1999, 1998, 1997
• Amnesty International: "Enough IS Enough!" on the repression of Human Rights defenders: June 1999, February 1999
• Amnesty International: Barrancabermeja: a City under Siege, May 1999
• Amnesty International: "Colombia : Human Rights Defenders under Increasing Attack", March 1998
• Amnesty International: "Colombia: Paramilitaries, 'Disappearance' and Impunity", 1998
• Amnesty International: "Just What Do We Have to Do to Stay Alive?" report on the displaced, October 1997
• Amnesty International: "Hacienda Bellacruz: Land, Violence and Paramilitary Power", February 1997
• Human Rights Watch World Report entry on Colombia: 1999, 1998
• Human Rights Watch Book online: War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law, October 1998
• Human Rights Watch Summary of book: Colombia's Killer Networks,The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States
• 1999 Report on Colombia, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva
• 1997 Report on Colombia, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva
• Organization of American States, Inter-American Commision on Human Rights: Report on the Human Rights Situation in Colombia 1999, 1993
• Noam Chomsky: On Colombia and the Balkans, from The Guardian, March 1999
• Noam Chomsky: The Culture of Fear, 1996
• Noam Chomsky: Social Cleansing, Human Rights, and Sexual Orientation in Colombia, 1996
• Colombia Human Rights Network Newsletter: Fall 1998 - Winter 1999, April 1999
• Colombia Support Network Report on massacres during the first of half of 1999
• Colombia Support Network Article: The Guatemalization of Colombia
• Colombia Support Network Opinion article from Christian Science Monitor Supporting Human Rights in Colombia
• Colombia Support Network Record of Colombia's 1998 Political Violence
• Consultoria para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento (CODHES): Codhes Informa: Statistics and figures on the displaced in Colombia
• Consultoria para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento (CODHES): Informe Bogotá: Statistics and figures on the displaced living in Bogotá
• PEN American Center on the freedom of press in Colombia
• Reporters Sans Frontieres on the freedom of press in Colombia
• U.S. Committee for Refugees Colombia Report: Displacement in Colombia
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: Standing Beside the Displaced: International Accompaniment
• U.S. Committee for Refugees Synopsis of refugee situation in Colombia
• U.S. Committee for Refugees RealAudio Testimony: Eliseo of Colombia, discusses his life since he was forced to flee from his home
  • Eliseo's Testimony, Written
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: La Crisis Silenciosa en Colombia [Spanish]
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: New Violence Against Human Rights Workers
• U.S. Committee for Refugees Statement on Human Rights in Colombia by Congressman Sam Farr, February 1999
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: Death Squads Kill More than 100 in Colombia
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: Venezuela and Colombia Repatriate Refugees through Intimidation
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: Letter to Colombian President, Andres Pastrana
• U.S. Committee for Refugees: Letter to Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez
• Washington Office on Latin America: Scholar Alejandro Reyes on the Geography of Political Violence and Drug Trafficking in Colombia, April 1998
• Washington Office on Latin America: Summary Report of Losing Ground: Human Rights Advocates Under Attack in Colombia, October 1997

Military budget: Colombia

• "Colombia." U.S. Department of State, Annual Report on Military Expenditures 1998, February 19, 1999.
• "Colombia, military expenditure 1987-96." From SIPRI. 1997.

Peace processes: Colombia

• Peace on the Table: Contents (a summary of demands and proposals for peace from the various actors in the Peace Process)
• Peace Policies and Humanization of The Conflict from the office of the President of Colombia
• 1998 Puerta del Cielo Agreement (in cooperation with the ELN) Spanish
• 1998 Nudo de Paramillo Agreement (in cooperation with paramilitary groups) Spanish
• Asemblea Permanente por la Paz:
  • Initial Declaration of the Assembly [Spanish]
  • Peace Proposal to the Assembly [Spanish]
  • Letter of the International Commission of the Assembly [English]

• Red Nacional de Iniciativas por la Paz y contra la Guerra (Redepaz) proposal for Peace Spanish

U.S. security assistance: Colombia

For links about U.S. military aid to Colombia, visit CIP's U.S. Aid to Colombia website.

• State Department's Rubin Lauds Colombia's Policy Proposals, September 23, 1999

• U.S. Senate, International Narcotics Caucus, Hearing on "Colombia: Counterinsurgency vs. Counternarcotics," September 21, 1999

  • Testimony of Bernard Aronson, Former Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs

  • Testimony of Rand Beers, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs

  • Testimony of the Honorable Brian E. Sheridan, Department of Defense Coordinator for Drug Enforcement Policy and Support

  • Testimony of Michael Shifter, Senior Fellow, Inter-American Dialogue

  • Testimony of General Charles E. Wilhelm, United States Marine Corps Commander in Chief, United States Southern Command

• Transcript: Pickering and Romero Brief Reporters on Colombia Policy, August 18, 1999
• Transcript: Pickering, Romero Briefing At State Department, August 16, 1999
• Colombia's Struggles, And How We Can Help - Madeleine Albright New York Times op-ed piece, August 12, 1999
• U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources, Hearing on "The Narcotics Threat from Colombia," August 6, 1999:
  • Opening Statement of Chairman Mica
  • The Honorable Dan Burton, Chairman, House Government Reform Committee
  • General Barry R. McCaffrey Director Office of National Drug Control Policy
  • The Honorable Rand Beers, Assistant Secretary Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Department of State
  • The Honorable Brian E. Sheridan, Assistant Secretary, Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, Department of Defense
  • Mr. William E. Ledwith, Chief of International Operations, Drug Enforcement Administration
  • Mr. Michael Shifter, Senior Fellow and Program Director, Inter-American Dialogue

• Drug Control: Narcotics Threat from Colombia Continues to Grow, General Accounting Office Report, June 1999 (Adobe Acrobat)
• Washington Office on Latin America: Guide for Citizen Action concering U.S. International Drug Control Policy, May 1999
• Landpower and Ambiguous Warfare: The Challenge of Colombia in the 21st Century by Dr. Richard Downes, Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 99
• Colombia's Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads, by Drs. Gabriel Marcella and Donald E. Schulz, Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 99
• Colombia: Advocacy Resources, by the Latin America Working Group
• The Heritage Foundation: "Tread Cautiously in Colombia's Civil War" by John P. Sweeney, March 1999
• U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen and Colombian Defense Minister Rodrigo Lloreda on U.S.-Colombia Agreement, 2 December 1998
• "Colombia: The Enemy is Us." Mother Jones Arms Sales Action Atlas.
• Regional Conflict: Colombia's Insurgency and Prospects for a Peaceful Resolution, hearing, House Committee on International Relations, 5 August 1998
• Colombian Heroin Crisis, hearing, House Committee on International Relations, 24 June 1998
• Drug Control: U.S. Counternarcotics Efforts in Colombia Face Continuing Challenges, General Accounting Office Report, February 1998
• Resource Center of the Americas: U.S. military aid stokes fire
• Resource Center of the Americas: U.S. coca policy flops
• Resource Center of the Americas: CIA tied todeath squads
• Resource Center of the Americas: Thugs ‘cleanse’ for U.S. gold firm
• Washington Office on Latin America: Reluctant Recruits: The U.S. Military and the War on Drugs, August 1997
• Washington Office on Latin America: Coca Eradication Efforts in Colombia , June 1997
• "In Focus: Colombia." By Carlos M. Salinas. From Foreign Policy In Focus / Interhemispheric Resource Center, Institute for Policy Studies. 1997.