| Military
and Police Aid | Social and Economic Aid | Sales
| Training Institutions | Training
Deployments
| Overview
 Country
Snapshot | | Population:
266,440 (July 2003 est.
Size,
comparable to U.S.: slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Per
Capita GDP, not adjusted for PPP (year): (2002): $3,237.5
Ranking,
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index: 46 out of 133
Defense
Expenditure as a percentage of GDP: 1.87% (FY 2000/2001)
Size
of armed forces: 1,000 (2001)
U.S.
military personnel present: 2 (2003) |
-
Click
here to read the Belize overview from the 1999 edition of Just the Facts
| | | 2002 | | 2003 | | 2004 | | 2005 | | 2006
est | | 2007
req | Funding | Trainees | Funding | Trainees | Funding | Trainees |
| International
Narcotics Control (INC) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Foreign
Military Financing (FMF) | | 0.20 | | | 0.29 | | | 0.19 | | | 0.70 | | 0.20 | | 0.18 |
| International
Military Education and Training (IMET) | | 0.21 | 66 | | 0.17 | 49 | | 0.28 | 33 | | 0.31 | | 0.20 | | 0.25 |
| "Section
1004" (Defense Dept. Counternarcotics) | | 0.40 | | | 0.40 | 180 | | 0.40 | | | 0.40 | | 0.40 | | 0.40 |
| "Section
1033" (Defense Dept. Counternarcotics) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Emergency
Drawdowns | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | 1 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Antiterrorism
Assistance (NADR/ATA) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Export
Control / Border Security (NADR/EXBS) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | Demining
(NADR/HD) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Small
Arms / Light Weapons (NADR/SALW) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Peacekeeping
Operations (PKO) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Counter-Terrorism
Fellowship Program (CTFP) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.01 | 1 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Regional
Defense Centers (CHDS) | | 0.01 | 1 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Discretionary
Funds from ONDCP | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Excess
Defense Articles (EDA) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.05 | | 0.05 | | 0.05 |
| Aviation
Leadership Program (ALP) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Enhanced
International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC) | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 |
| Sales,
JCETS, exchanges and unspecified | | | 24 | | | 30 | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | 0.82 | 91 | | 0.86 | 260 | | 0.88 | 34 | | 1.45 | | 0.84 | | 0.87 |
**All numbers in millions of U.S. dollars.
**Underlined
numbers are estimates based on the last available year.
| | | 1996 | | 1997 | | 1998 | | 1999 | | 2000 | | 2001 |
Funding | Trainees | Funding | Trainees | Funding | Trainees | Funding | Trainees |
| International
Narcotics Control (INC) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | 30 | | 0.00 | 25 | | 0.00 | |
| Foreign
Military Financing (FMF) | | 0.08 | | 0.08 | | 0.10 | | | 0.10 | | | 0.10 | | | 0.20 | |
| International
Military Education and Training (IMET) | | 0.25 | | 0.21 | | 0.26 | 32 | | 0.18 | 33 | | 0.16 | 20 | | 0.22 | 20 |
| "Section
1004" (Defense Dept. Counternarcotics) | | ? | | 0.11 | | 0.30 | | | 0.27 | 30 | | 0.13 | Classified | | 0.40 | 35 |
| "Section
1033" (Defense Dept. Counternarcotics) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Emergency
Drawdowns | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Antiterrorism
Assistance (NADR/ATA) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Export
Control / Border Security (NADR/EXBS) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | Demining
(NADR/HD) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Small
Arms / Light Weapons (NADR/SALW) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Peacekeeping
Operations (PKO) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Counter-Terrorism
Fellowship Program (CTFP) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Regional
Defense Centers (CHDS) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Discretionary
Funds from ONDCP | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Excess
Defense Articles (EDA) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.04 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Aviation
Leadership Program (ALP) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Enhanced
International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC) | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | | | 0.00 | |
| Sales,
JCETS, exchanges and unspecified | | | | | | | 2 | | | 343 | | | | | | |
| Total | | 0.33 | | 0.39 | | 0.70 | 34 | | 0.54 | 436 | | 0.40 | 45 | | 0.82 | 55 |
**All numbers in millions of U.S. dollars.
| | 1996 | | 1997 | | 1998 | | 1999 | | 2000 | | 2001 | | 2002 | | 2003 | | 2004 | | 2005 | | 2006
est | | 2007
req | International
Narcotics Control (INC) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Economic
Support Funds (ESF) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Development
Assistance (DA) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Child
Survival and Health (CSH) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
P.L.
480 "Food for Peace" | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Peace
Corps | | 1.02 | | 0.98 | | 1.02 | | 1.23 | | 1.28 | | 1.40 | | 1.46 | | 1.58 | | 1.61 | | 1.79 | | 1.86 | | 1.87 |
Transition
Initiatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Counterterrorism
Financing (NADR/CTF) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Millennium
Challenge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
HIV/AIDS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | 1.02 |
| 0.98 |
| 1.02 |
| 1.23 |
| 1.28 |
| 1.40 |
| 1.46 |
| 1.58 |
| 1.61 |
| 1.79 |
| 1.86 |
| 1.87 |
**All numbers in millions of U.S. dollars. 
| Program | 1996
actual | 1997
actual | 1998
actual | 1999
actual | 2000
actual | 2001
estimate | 2002
estimate | 2002
estimate | Foreign
Military Sales
Government-to-government sales of defense articles,
training and services | $0
(Agreements) | $327,000
(Agreements) | $18,000
(Agreements) | $791,000
(Agreements) | $77,000
(Agreements) | $186,000
(Agreements) | $80,000
(Agreements) | $100,000
(Agreements) | | $314,000
(Deliveries) | $314,000
(Deliveries) | $67,000
(Deliveries) | $169,000
(Deliveries) | | | | |
Direct
Commercial Sales
Sales from U.S. companies licensed
by the U.S. government (Licenses) | $1,411,548
| $108,920
| $41,991
| $5,472
| | | | |
*Total number of students as given by the Center
for Hemispheric Defense Studies
The
focal point of U.S. security assistance to the hemisphere in the late 1980s and
early 1990s, Central America has since been eclipsed by the Andean ridge drug
source-zone countries. A wide variety of U.S. military operations continue in
the isthmus, however, and Washington continues to offer a great deal of aid to
the region’s police forces and militaries. Many
of these activities have a counter-drug mission; the White House Office of National
Drug Control Policy estimated, for instance, that 59 percent of South American
cocaine en route to the United States passed through the “Mexico-Central America
corridor.” [1] This mission predominates
especially in Guatemala, Panama, and Costa Rica, which are receiving significant
amounts of counternarcotics police and military aid, and in El Salvador, which
is hosting a staging area for aerial U.S. counternarcotics operations. The U.S.
Southern Command also continues to offer non-drug related aid, largely training
and engagement activities, regular exercises, and humanitarian assistance.
The
Defense Department’s annual report on its “Humanitarian and Civic Assistance”
(HCA) program revealed that the four countries most affected by Hurricane Mitch
in October 1998 – El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua – accounted for
65 percent of HCA funding for the whole hemisphere in 1999. Together with the
Dominican Republic, which was hit by Hurricane Georges in 1998, these countries
were the world’s top five recipients of HCA assistance in 1999.
[2] “More than 23,000 Guardsmen and Reservists from 45 states deployed into
the region in two-week increments from February to August 1999,” Southern Command
chief Gen. Charles Wilhelm (since retired) explained to a congressional committee
in March 2000. Collectively,
the Guardsmen and Reservists built 7 bridges, 6 low water crossings, 15 culvert
bridges, 27 schools, 1 community center, 5 dikes, and 240 km of roadway. They
also drilled 21 water wells, diverted two rivers into their normal beds, and provided
medical treatment to more than 262,000 people.
[3] With
Hurricane Mitch relief efforts over, HCA deployments continued throughout the
region in 2000; a full accounting of 2000 activities will not be available until
March 2001. During 2000 the Southern Command planned to carry out its regular
“New Horizons” series of HCA exercises in Belize, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.
[4]
The
United States trained 1,854 Central American police and military personnel in
1999, according to the annual Foreign Military Training Report.*
Most of this training occurred through the State Department-managed International
Military Education and Training (IMET) program and the Special Forces’ Joint Combined
Exchange Training (JCET) program. The countries that hosted the most JCETs, Belize
(4), Costa Rica (3) and El Salvador (2), led the region in trainees with 436,
402 and 355 respectively. [5] The
past few years’ appropriations laws have banned grants to Guatemala of Foreign
Military Financing (FMF) and IMET (except for “Expanded” IMET, which does not
fund combat or technical courses). This prohibition remains in place for 2001. IMET
and JCET are not designated for counter-narcotics training. In 1999, the programs
that directly support counternarcotics training – the State Department’s International
Narcotics Control (INC) program and the Defense Department’s “section 1004” activities
– were active only in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Panama. Counternarcotics
did not appear to be a major training mission in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
[6]
Counternarcotics,
however, is the rationale behind the first new U.S. military installation in the
region in years. A Forward Operating Location (FOL) at El Salvador’s Comalapa
airport will host U.S. aircraft detecting maritime drug trafficking, especially
in the Pacific. The FOL – similar to facilities recently established at Manta,
Ecuador and Aruba and Curacao, Netherlands Antilles – will station small numbers
of U.S. military, DEA, Coast Guard and Customs personnel to support the U.S. aircraft
and to coordinate communications and intelligence. In
March 2000, the U.S. and Salvadoran governments signed a ten-year agreement for
the Comalapa facility, which was ratified by the legislature on July 7. The FOL
will host four medium-sized aircraft, such as E-2 and P-3, or ARL reconnaissance
planes or C-130 cargo planes. While it is capable of accommodating the larger
AWACS radar planes, there is no plan to station them at Comalapa for the time
being. The Colombia aid package signed into law in July 2000 included $1.1 million
for planning and design of the El Salvador FOL. The Defense Department plans to
request funding for improvements, such as paving and support facilities, in its
2002 military construction appropriations request to Congress.
[7] The
only other long-term U.S. military presence in Central America is Joint Task Force
Bravo, a Southern Command component and a semi-permanent presence stationed since
1983 at the Enrique Soto Cano air base, a facility near Comayagua, Honduras.*
Though it played a central role in the post-Hurricane Mitch relief effort, the
U.S. presence at Soto Cano did not change significantly in 2000. The
United States has signed treaties with Belize and Costa Rica that allow U.S. forces
on counternarcotics missions to enter national waters or airspace to board ships
suspected of smuggling, to pursue fleeing vessels or aircraft, and to overfly
national territory. The United States and Panama have signed a “shiprider” treaty,
which allows Panamanian law enforcement officials to ride on U.S. vessels, authorizing
actions that the vessels may take. [8] U.S.
policymakers express concern about the potential spillover of drug trafficking
and political instability from Colombia into Central America. They most frequently
cite Panama, which borders Colombia’s highly conflictive Urabá region and hosts
the Panama Canal. The U.S. military, which was present at several bases in Panama
since the beginning of the 20th century, left Panama at the end of
1999 in compliance with the Carter-Torrijos Panama Canal treaties. “Panama
is being tested by violent incursions into the Darién and San Blas regions by
Colombian guerrillas and paramilitaries,” U.S. “Drug Czar” Gen. Barry McCaffrey
warned in November 2000. “Panama's inadequately trained and equipped police forces
are no match for the insurgents.” [9] The
Southern Command’s Gen. Charles Wilhelm acknowledged that Colombia’s armed groups
“present no immediate and direct threat to Canal operations,” but warned that
“the insurgents could easily overwhelm the limited capability of the Panamanian
National Police stationed along the border.”
[10] Concerns
about the spread of instability and drug trafficking are reflected in the $1.3
billion U.S. aid package for Colombia and its neighbors. The package increases
assistance for the security forces of Panama, Costa Rica and El Salvador.*
Panama will receive $4 million to create a 25-member Technical Judicial Police
(PTJ) task force, to support the National Maritime Service’s patrol boats, and
to support border control programs. Costa Rica will get coast guard boats, maintenance
and training valued at $1.9 million, while El Salvador will get $3 million for
a new anti-narcotics police headquarters, an inter-agency narcotics operations
center, search, detection and interdiction equipment, and training for judges,
police and prosecutors. [11]
*
This number includes a few dozen civilians who were either funded through Expanded
IMET or attended the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies. As the March 2000
version of the Foreign Military Training Report listed the students’ units in
a classified volume, this study was unable to determine which trainees were civilians.
*
While the FOLs are governed by ten-year agreements, the Soto Cano agreement has
no end date, hence its “semi-permanent” status.
*
In the cases of armyless Costa Rica and Panama, the “security forces” are the
national police forces. Sources
Country Snapshots - U.S.
Department of State Background Notes
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/ - Transparency
International Corruption Perceptions Index 2003
http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2003/2003.10.07.cpi.en.html - The
World Factbook 2003
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ - Human
Development Index
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/pdf/hdr03_HDI.pdf - Nationmaster
Military-Armed Forces Personnel
http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph-T/mil_arm_for_per&int=-1 - Department
of Defense: Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country
http://www.dior.whs.mil/mmid/M05/hst1203.pdf
International Narcotics Control 1996: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 1998 Budget
Congressional Presentation (Washington: Department of State: March 1997).
International Narcotics Control 1997: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 1999 Budget
Congressional Presentation (Washington: Department of State: March 1998).
International Narcotics Control 1998: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2000 Budget
Congressional Presentation (Washington: Department of State: March 1999).
International Narcotics Control 1999: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2001 Budget
Congressional Presentation (Washington: Department of State: March 2000) <http://www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/fy2001_budget/latin_america.html>.
International Narcotics Control 2000: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2002 Budget
Congressional Justification (Washington: Department of State: April 2001): <http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2002/index.cfm?docid=3701>.
United States, Department of State, Report to Congress on Plan Colombia and Related
Programs (Washington: Department of State, July 2000) <http://ciponline.org/colombia/080102.htm>.
International Narcotics Control 2001: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2003 Budget
Congressional Justification (Washington: Department of State: April 2002) <http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2003/>.
International Narcotics Control 2002: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2004 Budget
Congressional Justification (Washington: Department of State: June 2003) <http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2004/>.
International Narcotics Control 2003: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2005 Budget
Congressional Justification (Washington: Department of State: April 2004) <http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2005/>.
International Narcotics Control 2004-6: United States, Department of State, Bureau
of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Fiscal Year 2006 Budget
Congressional Justification (Washington: Department of State: April 2005) <http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2006/>.
United States, White House, Office of Management and Budget, 2003 Supplemental
Appropriations Request to Congress (Washington: White House, March 25, 2003) <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/amendments/supplemental_3_25_03.pdf>.
Foreign Military Financing 1996: United States, Department of State, Office of
Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 1998 (Washington: March 1997).
Foreign Military Financing 1997:
United States, Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional
Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 1999 (Washington: March 1998).
United States, General Accounting Office, "Drug Control: U.S. Counternarcotics
Efforts in Colombia Face Continuing Challenges," GAO/NSIAD-98-60 (Washington:
GAO, February 12, 1998) <http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/useftp.cgi?IPaddress=waisback.access.gpo.gov&filename=ns98060.txt&directory=/diskb/wais/data/gao>.
Foreign Military Financing 1998: United States, Department of State, Office of
Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2000 (Washington: March 1999).
Foreign Military Financing 1999:
United States, Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional
Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2001 (Washington: March 2000).
<http://www.state.gov/www/budget/fy2001/fn150/forops_full/150fy01_fo_military-asst.html>.
United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign Military
Training and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest in Fiscal Years 1999 and 2000:
A Report to Congress (Washington: March 2000) <http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/fmtrain/toc.html>.
Foreign Military Financing 2000: United States, Department of State, Office of
Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington: April 2001) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2002/>.
United States, Department of State, Department of Defense, Foreign Military Training
and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest In Fiscal years 2000 and 2001, Volume
I (Washington: March 2001) <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/2001/fmtrpt/>.
Foreign Military Financing 2001: United States, Department of State, FY 2003 Congressional
Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department of State,
April 15, 2002) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2003/>.
Foreign Military
Financing 2002: United States, Department of State, FY 2004 Congressional Budget
Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department of State, February
2003) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2004/>.
United States, White
House, Office of Management and Budget, 2003 Supplemental Appropriations Request
to Congress (Washington: White House, March 25, 2003) <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/amendments/supplemental_3_25_03.pdf>.
Foreign Military Financing 2003: United States, Department of State, FY 2005 Congressional
Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department of State,
February 2004) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2005/>.
Foreign Military
Financing 2004-6: United States, Department of State, FY 2006 Congressional Budget
Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department of State, February
2005) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2006/>.
International Military
Education and Training 1996: United States, Department of State, Office of Resources,
Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year
1998 (Washington: March 1997).
International Military Education and Training
1997: United States, Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy,
Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 1999 (Washington:
March 1998).
International Military Education and Training 1998: United States,
Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation
for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2000 (Washington: March 1999).
International
Military Education and Training 1999: United States, Department of State, Office
of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2001 (Washington: March 2000). <http://www.state.gov/www/budget/fy2001/fn150/forops_full/150fy01_fo_military-asst.html>.
International Military Education and Training 2000: United States, Department
of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for
Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington: April 2001) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2002/>.
International Military Education and Training 2001: United States, Department
of State, FY 2003 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington,
DC: Department of State, April 15, 2002) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2003/>.
International Military Education and Training 2002: United States, Department
of State, FY 2004 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington,
DC: Department of State, February 2003) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2004/>.
International Military Education and Training 2003: United States, Department
of State, FY 2005 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington,
DC: Department of State, February 2004) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2005/>.
International Military Education and Training 2004-6: United States, Department
of State, FY 2006 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington,
DC: Department of State, February 2005) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2006/>.
"Section 1004" 1997: H. Allen Holmes, coordinator for drug enforcement
policy and support, United States Department of Defense, letter in response to
congressional inquiry, Jan. 23, 1998.
"Section 1004" 1998: Ana Maria
Salazar, deputy assistant secretary of defense for drug enforcement policy and
support, United States Department of Defense, letter in response to congressional
inquiry, Mar. 19, 1999.
"Section 1004" 1999: United States, Department
of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Drug Enforcement
Policy and Support, correspondence with authors, September 21, 2000.
"Section
1004" 2000: United States, Department of Defense, Report on Department of
Defense Expenditures To Support Foreign Counterdrug Activities, Washington, December
29, 2000.
United States Congress, Conference Report 106-701 on H.R. 3908,
June 29, 2000 <http://ciponline.org/colombia/confrept.pdf>.
"Section
1004" 2001: United States, Department of Defense, Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, Report required by
the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (P.L.
106-398), (Washington: April 18, 2002).
United States, Department of Defense,
"DoD Andean Initiative FY02 Colombia", Washington, Document obtained
September 19, 2001.
"Section 1004" Colombia 2001-5: Congressional
Research Service, "Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) and Related Funding
Programs: FY2005 Assistance," Washington, December 9, 2004 <http://ciponline.org/colombia/041209crs.pdf>.
Emergency Drawdowns 1997: United States, Department of State, "Summary Sheet,"
fax document, September 16, 1997.
Emergency Drawdowns 1998: United States,
Department of State, "Memorandum of Justification for use of Section 506(a)(2)
special authority to draw down articles, services, and military education and
training," September 15, 1998.
Emergency Drawdowns 1999: United States,
White House, "Draft Working Document: FY99 506(a)(2) Drawdown List Requested
Items," Memorandum, September 30, 1999.
"Section 1033" 1998-2002:
same as "Section 1004" above.
Anti-Terrorism Assistance Colombia
2002: United States, White House, Office of Management and Budget, "Technical
Language" for supplemental appropriations request (Washington: March 21,
2002): 80 <http://ciponline.org/colombia/02supp_technicallanguage.pdf>.
Excess Defense Articles: United States, Department of Defense, Defense Security
Cooperation Agency, Excess Defense Articles online database <http://www.dsca.osd.mil/home/excess_defense_articles_bbs.htm>.
ONDCP Discretionary Funds: United States, Executive Office of the President, Office
of National Drug Control Policy, memo in response to congressional inquiry, February
1998.
Trainees 1998: United States, Department of State, Department of Defense,
Foreign Military Training and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest in Fiscal
Years 1998 and 1999 (Washington: 1999).
Trainees 1999: United States, Department
of Defense, Department of State, Foreign Military Training and DoD Engagement
Activities of Interest in Fiscal Years 1999 and 2000: A Report to Congress (Washington:
March 2000) <http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/fmtrain/toc.html>.
Trainees 2000: United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign
Military Training and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest in Fiscal Years 2000
and 2001: A Report to Congress (Washington: January 2001) <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2001/>.
Trainees 2001: United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign
Military Training and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest in Fiscal Years 2001
and 2002: A Report to Congress (Washington: March 2002) <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2002/>.
Trainees 2002: United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign
Military Training in Fiscal Years 2002 and 2003: Joint Report to Congress (Washington:
May 2003).
Trainees 2003: United States, Department of Defense, Department
of State, Foreign Military Training in Fiscal Years 2003 and 2004: Joint Report
to Congress (Washington: July 2004) <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2004/>.
Trainees 2004: United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign
Military Training in Fiscal Years 2004 and 2005: Joint Report to Congress (Washington:
April 2005) <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/2005/>.
Economic
and Social Assistance 1996: United States, Department of State, Office of Resources,
Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year
1998 (Washington: March 1997).
Economic and Social Assistance 1997: United
States, Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional
Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 1999 (Washington: March 1998).
Economic and Social Assistance 1998: United States, Department of State, Office
of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2000 (Washington: March 1999).
Economic and Social Assistance
1999: United States, Department of State, Office of Resources, Plans and Policy,
Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2001 (Washington:
March 2000). <http://www.state.gov/www/budget/fy2001/fn150/forops_full/index.html>.
United States, U.S. Agency for International Development, FY 2002 Congressional
Budget Justification (Washington, USAID, 2001) <http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2002/cbj2002_table02a.html>.
Economic and Social Assistance 2000: United States, Department of State, Office
of Resources, Plans and Policy, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington: April 2001) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2002/>.
United States, U.S. Agency for International Development, FY 2002 Congressional
Budget Justification (Washington, USAID, 2001) <http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2002/cbj2002_table02a.html>.
Economic and Social Assistance 2001: United States, Department of State, FY 2003
Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department
of State, April 15, 2002) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2003/>.
Economic and Social Assistance 2002: United States, Department of State, FY 2004
Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations (Washington, DC: Department
of State, February 2003) <http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/cbj/2004/>.
All others: United States, Department of State, Congressional Budget Justifications
for Foreign Operations available at <http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/cbj/>.
United States, Department of Defense, Department of State, Foreign Military Training
Reports available at <http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/fmtrpt/>.
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