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The Foreign
Operations bill, considered every year as part of the federal budget
process, is the best-known piece of foreign aid legislation. By approving
the Foreign Operations appropriation, Congress funds all foreign aid
and export-financing programs authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act
(FAA).
The bill
funds three forms of grant assistance which go to Latin American security
forces: International Narcotics Control (INC),
International Military Education and Training (IMET),
and Foreign Military Financing (FMF).
The Foreign
Operations bill for 1999 (H.R. 4569 in the House of Representatives,
S. 2334 in the Senate) was approved on October 19, 1998 as part of H.R.
4328, an "omnibus consolidated and emergency supplemental appropriations"
law. The "omnibus" appropriation, a measure sometimes taken
when individual appropriations bills do not complete the legislative
process prior to the end of the fiscal year, combined funding legislation
for several parts of the federal budget into one single bill. (As a
result, this year's bill included -- among others -- the funding bills
for the Departments of Agriculture, Interior, Transportation, Commerce,
Justice, State, and the Judiciary, as well as foreign assistance.) In
addition, H.R. 4328 also included a few one-time "supplemental"
appropriations to augment certain parts of the budget for fiscal year
1999.
As signed
into law, the Foreign Operations bill appropriated $261,000,000 for
the worldwide activities of the State Department’s International Narcotics
Control program in 1999. This was a $31 million increase over the program’s
$230 million appropriation for 1998, though it fell short of the $275
million the administration had requested. This $261 million package,
however, was nearly doubled by an additional $232,600,000 supplemental
appropriation provided in the "omnibus" bill. As a result,
the INC program’s 1999 appropriation totals $493.6 million.
A. Conference
Committee directions for the "Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination
Act" appropriation
The House-Senate
Conference Committee report accompanying the omnibus bill contained
specific instructions for spending the additional $232.6 million appropriation.
For 1999, the Conference Committee directed the State Department to
use the supplemental counternarcotics funds for the following:
Bolivia,
$9 million:
- $9
million for "support of Bolivian air, riverine and eradication
operations."
Colombia,
$159.2 million:
- $96
million to buy six UH-60 "Blackhawk" helicopters for Colombia’s
National Police;
- $40
million to buy and upgrade an unspecified number of UH-1H and UH-1N
"Huey" helicopters for Colombia’s National Police;
- $6
million for operations and support of the Colombian National Police
force’s air wing;
- $6
million to buy minigun systems for the Colombian National Police
force’s air wing;
- $6
million for "base and force security" for the Colombian
National Police force’s forward counter-drug bases;
- $2
million to buy a DC-3 transport aircraft for the Colombian National
Police force’s air wing;
- $2
million for reconstruction of the Colombian police-military counternarcotics
base at Miraflores, destroyed by rebels of the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia (FARC) in a July 1998 attack; and
- $1.2
million for "enhancements" to the Colombian National Police
force’s prison security systems.
Peru,
$6 million:
- $6
million for "support of Peruvian air, riverine and eradication
operations."
Shared
items, $34.9 million:
- $24.9
million to implement an "extended life program" for A-37
"Dragonfly" attack aircraft in Peru and Colombia; and
- $10
million for alternative economic development programs in Colombia,
Peru and Bolivia.
Other,
$24.5 million:
- $13.5
million to buy three additional observation aircraft (no recipient
country is specified); and
- $10
million for a "podded radar initiative for aircraft."
B. House
Committee directions for the Foreign Operations appropriation
The September
15, 1998 Appropriations Committee report accompanying the House version
of the bill contained non-binding language explaining the committee’s
priorities for the original $261 million. The report directed the State
Department to use at least $49 million for the following purposes:
Bolivia,
$8 million:
- A
$5 million increase to "enhance" existing alternative-development
programs in Bolivia’s Chapare and Yungas regions; and
- A
$3 million increase for Bolivia’s air, riverine and coca-eradication
efforts.
Colombia,
at least $13 million:
- A
$6 million increase for the State Department’s "air wing"
of drug-fumigation aircraft in Colombia (part of the INC Inter-Regional
Aviation program);
- A
$2 million increase to buy minigun systems for Colombia’s National
Police;
- Sufficient
funds to transfer a DC-3 transport aircraft to Colombia’s National
Police; and
- $5
million for "start-up costs" of alternative-development
programs in Colombia’s Guaviare, Putumayo and Caquetá regions.
Mexico:
- "Sufficient
support" for an international law enforcement training center
and for exchanges for Mexican judges, prosecutors and police.
Peru,
$28 million:
- A
$28 million increase to "enhance" existing alternative-development
programs in Peru’s Ucayali, Apurímac, and Huallaga Valley regions.
C. Law
enforcement academy
The Foreign
Operations Appropriation requires that "not less than $5,000,000"
pay for the founding and operation of an International Law Enforcement
Academy for the Western Hemisphere, which will be located at the deBremond
Training Center in Roswell, New Mexico. According to the House committee
report, this facility is to be "modeled on the International Law
Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Hungary.
The House
committee report on the Foreign Operations bill requested that the State
Department provide the committee with a "comprehensive accounting"
of all overseas counternarcotics assistance. This accounting, to be
included in the President’s budget submission for the year 2000 (normally
presented in March 1999), must clearly separate the cost of eradication
and alternative-development activities from the INC program’s arms-transfer
and training efforts.
II. International
Military Education and Training (IMET)
As signed
into law, the Foreign Operations bill appropriated $50,000,000 for the
worldwide activities of the IMET program in 1999. This appropriation,
which matched the administration’s request, is the same as the program’s
appropriation for 1998. According to the administration’s Congressional
Presentation, $10.25 million of this $50 million are to be spent in
1999 to train Latin American personnel.
The September
15, 1998 Appropriations Committee report accompanying the House version
of the bill explained the committee’s position on the IMET program:
The Committee
continues to support both the IMET program and its "Expanded
IMET" component. The Committee supports a substantial human rights
component in programs for all IMET countries, including information
on international human rights conventions, human rights law in the
recipient's country, American human rights law and policy, and appropriate
behavior by military personnel. The Committee supports the holding
of IMET field seminars that bring together elements of the military
and indigenous human rights groups. The Committee also supports inclusion
of a substantial number of civilian employees of foreign governments
in IMET programs. The Committee believes that the IMET program and
its expanded IMET component offer the military of other nations full
exposure to how the United States military performs as a professional,
highly respected institution in a civil, democratic society governed
by the rule of law. It remains the Committee's view that the attainment
of such a military must be a fundamental objective of any nation in
its pursuit of economic growth and prosperity and that the IMET program
plays an important role in supporting this objective.
A. Expanded
IMET
The law
clarifies that civilians who receive education and training through
the Expanded IMET program "may include
civilians who are not members of a government whose participation would
contribute to improved civil-military relations, civilian control of
the military, or respect for human rights."
The House
committee report also encourages the administration "to make every
effort" to ensure that 30 percent of IMET funding for Latin America
pays for Expanded IMET courses. The report recommends that civilians
make up about 25 percent of Expanded IMET students and students at the
Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (which
is not funded through the Foreign Operations bill). According to the
report, "The Committee emphasizes that increasing the percentage
of civilians from Latin America participating in Expanded IMET courses
should be an Administration priority."
The law
specifically prohibits the use of "regular" IMET
funds for Guatemalan military personnel in 1999. Guatemala is eligible,
however, to receive Expanded IMET assistance.
"The
Committee recognizes that the peace process is continuing to move forward
successfully in Guatemala," reads the House committee report. "However,
despite this considerable progress, the Committee believes it is premature
to provide Guatemala with full IMET."
The July
21, 1998 Senate Appropriations Committee report was even more specific
on the subject of IMET for Guatemala, and included a reporting requirement.
The report’s deadline was December 2, 1998.
The Committee
notes that in April 1998 the U.N. Human Rights Commission concluded
its consideration of Guatemala. The Committee is aware of the progress
that has been made in implementing the peace accords, but is concerned
about the failure to adopt agreed upon constitutional reforms. The
Committee also continues to receive reports of disappearances, assaults,
and killings, including the murder of Bishop Juan Jose Gerardo [sic.]
shortly after he released a report documenting human rights violations
during the war. Many of these are common crimes, but others bear the
indicia of political crimes. Therefore, like last year, the Committee
has prohibited military assistance to Guatemala except for IMET assistance
that focuses on civilian control of the Armed Forces and human rights.
Also, the Committee directs the Secretary of State to provide a report
no later than 45 days after the date of enactment of this act evaluating
official involvement in or knowledge of political crimes.
C. School
of the Americas certification
In order
for IMET to pay the cost of students attending the School
of the Americas at Fort Benning, Georgia, the law requires the Secretary
of Defense to certify that the School’s instruction and training are
"fully consistent with training and doctrine, particularly with
respect to the observance of human rights," that the Defense Department
provides to U.S. personnel at U.S. military training facilities.
The House
committee report indicated that "the Committee continues to carefully
review the activities of the School of the Americas to make certain
that grant IMET funds used to support students at the School are being
appropriately utilized to support United States national security objectives
and to improve the professionalism of Latin American militaries."
According to the report, the certification requirement for IMET funding
"makes clear the Committee’s intent that the School not engage
in any inappropriate training activities."
The House
version of the Foreign Operations bill would have required the Secretary
of Defense to submit a report to the Appropriations Committees detailing
the School’s training activities and assessing graduates’ performance
during 1997. This reporting requirement was removed, however, by the
House-Senate conference committee that drew up the bill’s final version.
D. Human
rights screening guidelines
The House
committee report commends the administration for developing and issuing
"uniform global guidelines for the screening and selection of all
IMET candidates," a suggestion the committee had included in its
report a year earlier. The report urges the administration to ensure
that embassy human rights officers participate in the student screening
and selection process.
III. Foreign
Military Financing (FMF)
Though
the Foreign Operations law appropriates $3.3 billion for FMF worldwide,
all but $118 million goes to Israel, Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. The
only FMF the Administration has requested for Latin America in 1999
is $3 million for a Caribbean Regional Fund.
The law
nonetheless specifies that no FMF shall be available for Guatemala.
Both the House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports accompanying
the Foreign Operations bill noted that $2.577 million in previously-appropriated
FMF for Guatemala remains unspent. Both reports direct the administration
to use these funds to support implementation of Guatemala’s 1996 peace
accords.
The Foreign
Operations bill includes several legal prohibitions that can prevent
the U.S. government from providing military and police aid to particular
countries. Some of the most significant prohibitions related to Latin
America include the following.
A. Limitation
on Assistance to Security Forces (The "Leahy Amendment")
Frequently
referred to as the "Leahy Amendment" after its sponsor, Sen.
Patrick Leahy (D-VT), this provision (section 568) was first included
in the 1997 Foreign Operations bill (P.L. 104-208). The Leahy Amendment
prevents a unit of a foreign security force from receiving U.S. assistance
if credible evidence exists that the unit's members have committed gross
violations of human rights. The House-Senate Conference Committee report
accompanying the law clarifies that the term "credible evidence"
does not necessarily mean that the evidence must be admissible in a
court of law.
This prohibition
may be lifted if the Secretary of State determines and reports to the
Appropriations Committees that the country’s government is taking "effective
measures" to bring the responsible members of the unit to justice.
According to the Conference Committee report, this means "that
the government carry out a credible investigation and that the individuals
involved face appropriate disciplinary action or impartial prosecution
in accordance with local law."
"In
the implementation of this section," adds the September 1998 House
committee report, "the administration should adopt clear, transparent,
and timely monitoring mechanisms."
While in
1997 it only applied to the State Department's International Narcotics
Control program, the Leahy Amendment was broadened in the 1998 Foreign
Operations bill (P.L. 105-118) to include all security-assistance programs
in the Foreign Assistance Act. A similar provision was added to the
1999 Defense Appropriations bill (P.L. 105-262),
which applies the Leahy language to foreign military training programs
funded through the defense budget (such as "section
1004"-funded training or Special Forces deployments).
B. Military
coups
According
to section 508, no assistance can be given to countries which have had
their elected head of government ousted by a military coup or decree.
Aid may resume once the President reports to the appropriations committees
that a democratically-elected government has taken office.
C. Countries
in default
According
to section 512, any country which is in default for more than a year
on loans made under the Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) is barred from
receiving assistance. However, this prohibition does not apply in 1999
to Nicaragua or Brazil, or to counternarcotics assistance to Colombia,
Bolivia and Peru. (This prohibition is also known as the "Brooke
Amendment," after its original sponsor, former Senator Edwin Brooke
(R-MA). It is very similar to section 620(q) of the FAA.)
D. Countries
that support terrorism
Section
528 prohibits the provision of aid to countries which the President
determines to be granting sanctuary to terrorists or otherwise supporting
international terrorism. The President may waive this prohibition, notifying
the Appropriations Committees fifteen days in advance, if he determines
that it is necessary for national security or humanitarian reasons.
E. Cuba
In section
507, Cuba appears on a list of seven countries worldwide (along with
Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria) prohibited from receiving
assistance from any program funded through the Foreign Operations bill.
F. Guatemala
As discussed
above, Guatemala is specifically prohibited
from receiving assistance through regular IMET
and Foreign Military Financing (FMF).
G. Haiti
Section
561 of the Foreign Operations bill prohibits support for Haiti’s security
forces until the President reports to the House and Senate Appropriations
Committees, the House International Relations Committee, and the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee that the Haitian government:
- Has
completed privatization of three major publicly-owned entities;
- Has
re-signed or is implementing the two countries’ Repatriation Agreement,
and has been cooperating with the United States in halting illegal
emigration from Haiti;
- Is conducting
thorough investigations of extra-judicial and political killings,
is cooperating with U.S. authorities and technical advisors in these
investigations, and has made "substantial progress" in bringing
to justice those responsible for at least one such killing;
- Has
acted to remove from the security forces any individuals credibly
alleged to have committed or concealed gross human rights violations
or narcotics trafficking;
- Has
ratified or is implementing maritime counternarcotics agreements signed
in October 1997.
Exempt
from these prohibitions are counternarcotics assistance, support for
the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) of the Haitian National Police,
police anti-corruption programs, the International Criminal Investigative
Training Assistance Program (ICITAP), and assistance
to Haitian customs and maritime officials.
If one
of the three required privatizations occurs in the first 150 days after
the bill’s passage, the Secretary of State is empowered to waive this
prohibition if all the other requirements are met.
A. Report
on all United States military training provided to foreign military
personnel
Section
581 of the Foreign Operations law introduces a new reporting requirement:
by January 31, 1999 the Departments of State and Defense were to provide
a detailed report on all military training which the United States provided
to foreign military personnel in 1998 and was projected for 1999. The
report was to be submitted to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees,
the House International Relations Committee, and the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee.
For each
military training activity, the report was to include "the foreign
policy justification and purpose for the training activity, the cost
of the training activity, the number of foreign students trained and
their units of operation, and the location of the training." The
report was also required to discuss the operational benefits that U.S.
military units gained as a result of each training activity.
According
to the September 1998 House committee report, the report was required
because "the Committee is concerned by recent reports that the
administration is engaged in extensive military training of foreign
military personnel without the benefit of full congressional oversight."
The law
allowed the Defense and State Departments to include a classified annex
"if deemed necessary and appropriate." However, the House
committee report strongly emphasized that the Appropriations Committee
"expects this report to be unclassified and believes that the classified
annex should be used only when necessary to protect intelligence sources
or methods."
The report
was released in March 1999.
B. Lethal
transfers to countries banned from receiving IMET or FMF
Section
594 requires the administration give fifteen days’ advance notice if
lethal defense articles or services valued at less than $14 million
are to be transferred -- by grant or sale -- to a country that is banned,
wholly or partially, from receiving IMET or FMF.
(According to the Arms Export Control Act, transfers above $14 million
are already subject to notification.) The notice must be given to the
Appropriations Committees, the House International Relations Committee,
and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
The conference
committee report states that this section’s purpose "is to ensure
that any such sales be consistent with the Congress’s intent in limiting
assistance to such governments."
C. Changes
in assistance
Section
515 requires the President to notify the Appropriations Committees fifteen
days in advance if he intends to use INC, IMET,
or FMF funds for activities, programs, projects,
types of materiel, countries, or other operations that were not justified
in previous communications to Congress, such as its yearly presentation
documents.
D. Haiti
Section
561(e) requires the Secretary of State to provide the House and Senate
Appropriations Committees, the House International Relations Committee,
and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee with quarterly reports, prepared
in consultation with the Defense Department and the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA), on "the status and
number of United States personnel deployed in and around Haiti on Department
of Defense, Drug Enforcement Administration, and United Nations missions."
This report must break down these personnel deployments according to
their assignments (functional or operational), and must include the
amount their operations cost the United States. The administration must
also provide the committees with the monthly reports of the Organization
of American States/United Nations International Civilian Mission to
Haiti (MICIVIH).
E. Reports
required by committee reports
1. The
INC program
As discussed
above in the INC program section of this chapter,
the House committee report requested that the State Department provide
a "comprehensive accounting" of all overseas counternarcotics
assistance. This accounting, to be included in the President’s budget
submission for the year 2000 (normally presented in March 1999), must
clearly separate the cost of eradication and alternative-development
activities from the INC program’s arms-transfer and training efforts.
2. Guatemala
As discussed
above in the IMET section of this chapter,
the July 1998 Senate Appropriations Committee report directed the Secretary
of State to provide a report "evaluating official [Guatemalan government
or military] involvement in or knowledge of political crimes."
This report was due no later than 45 days after enactment of the Foreign
Operations bill, or by December 2, 1998.
3. Haiti
The House-Senate
Conference Committee report accompanying the bill’s final version called
on the Secretary of State to provide a report explaining the proposed
1999 allocation for programs to support the Haitian National Police’s
Special Investigations Unit, along with information about support for
Haitian orphanages. This information was due on December 2.
4. Mexico
The Senate
Appropriations Committee’s July 1998 report requested that the State
Department, in consultation with the Defense Department, submit a report
describing measures taken to prevent the misuse of U.S. training and
equipment provided to Mexican security forces for counternarcotics.
As its
report states, the Committee requested this information out of concern
for the end-use of assistance given to Mexico for counter-drug purposes.
The Committee
is aware that significant amounts of United States military equipment
and training are being provided to the Mexican security forces to
support counternarcotics activities. Additional equipment is leased
or licensed for export including lethal equipment and helicopters.
The Committee is concerned that Mexican security forces trained or
equipped by the United States have been involved in counterinsurgency
operations that have resulted in human rights violations. The Committee
expects the administration to make every effort to prevent the misuse
of U.S. training and equipment.
5. Peru
The September
1998 House committee report directed the State Department to report
on the amount of counternarcotics funds provided to Peru’s National
Intelligence Service (SIN) through the INC program.
As the committee indicates, the SIN "may be involved in activities
that are inconsistent with human rights, the rule of law and the development
of democracy." The State Department’s report must detail "the
reasons for such assistance; and an explanation why such assistance
would not be better utilized through collaboration with civilian law
enforcement agencies, including the intelligence unit of the anti-narcotics
police."
6. Report
not adopted: Excess Defense Articles
The House-Senate
Conference Committee report indicates that the conferees dropped a requirement
that transfers of excess defense articles (EDA)
be published in the Federal Register. The reporting requirement was
removed because the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA, formerly
the Defense Security Assistance Agency) plans to make this information
available to the public through its Internet
web page. The conferees directed DSCA to provide a progress report
on the web page by April 1, 1999.
VI. Other
committee-report language related to security assistance to Latin America
and the Caribbean
A. Central
America declassification
The September
1998 House committee report urged government agencies to review for
declassification documents related to human rights abuses in Guatemala
and Honduras. The report recommended that these documents be turned
over to the UN Historical Clarification Commission in Guatemala and
the Honduran Human Rights Commissioner "with the minimum of redactions
possible."
"The
release of these documents would contribute to the process of peace
and reconciliation in Guatemala," the report noted, adding that
"some of the prosecutions in Honduras in which such declassified
materials could be useful are drawing to a close, making a timely response
essential." The recommendation ended by urging the administration
"to respond fully and promptly to any followup requests by the
Guatemalan Clarification Commission and to provide a more complete declassification
of documents on Honduras and El Salvador, including those pertinent
to the cases of American citizens."
B. Colombia
The House
and Senate committee reports make policy recommendations regarding Colombia
in several areas.
1. Counter-drug
strategy
The House
committee report recommends a stronger emphasis on opium poppy eradication.
The Committee
supports a strong U.S. counternarcotics assistance program for Colombia
in order to protect U.S. communities from the ravages of drugs. There
is evidence that Colombia has become the leading supplier of heroin
to the United States, and the Department of State should alter its
counternarcotics strategy in Colombia in recognition of that fact.
To date, the Department's strategy has largely ignored the control
of opium poppies.
2. Police
assistance
The House
committee report praises the INC program’s preponderant emphasis on
aid to the Colombian National Police.
The Committee
notes that virtually all of the law enforcement assistance provided
to Colombia through this account is directed through, or done in cooperation
with, the Colombian National Police, which has an excellent human
rights record.
3. Peace
process and human rights
The House
committee report urges support for a peace process in Colombia, action
against human rights abuses, and protections for human rights monitors.
Both the Senate and House committees recommended support for the Human
Rights Unit of the Colombian Attorney-General’s office (Fiscalía).
The House
report language was as follows:
The Committee
urges the Department of State to support the development of a peace
process in Colombia, and further urges the government of Colombia
to take steps to end human rights abuses by members of the government
and/or armed forces, by paramilitary forces, and by the insurgents.
The Committee also urges that steps be taken to protect human rights
monitors, and that the Administration provide funding for the Human
Rights Unit of the Colombia Attorney General's office (Fiscalia) through
the Rule of Law Program.
The Senate
report language was as follows:
Last
year, the Committee recommended that funds be provided to support
the Colombian attorney general's human rights unit, which investigates
abuses by guerrilla groups, paramilitary organizations, and state
security forces. Unfortunately, the Committee's recommendation was
ignored. Widely respected in Colombia, the prosecutors' efforts are
severely hampered by a lack of resources. This office can play an
important role in carrying out investigations and prosecutions related
to the implementation of the section in this act entitled "Limitation
on Assistance" [The "Leahy Amendment"]. The Committee
directs that funds be made available to support the attorney general's
human rights unit.
4. Herbicides
The House
committee report recommended health and environmental testing of tebuthiuron,
a granular chemical herbicide that the INC program
is considering for use against coca plants in Colombia.
C. Mexico
The Senate
committee report urges the U.S. embassy in Mexico to consider supporting
initiatives that improve relations between sectors of Mexican civil
society.
The Committee
is aware of an initiative to establish a formal dialog among a broad
cross-section of Mexican society in an effort to build bridges between
polarized groups, especially in Chiapas and other conflict zones,
and to strengthen democracy. Similar initiatives in Guatemala and
El Salvador, supported by the United States, brought together representatives
from rebel groups, the armed forces, the business and academic communities,
and others, and helped lay a foundation for reconciliation. The Committee
urges the United States Embassy in Mexico to seriously consider supporting
such an initiative in Mexico.
D. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers
The House
committee report urged greater use of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
for development projects in the region. This recommendation included
a requirement for a progress report:
The Committee
is concerned that the State Department and AID still have not utilized
the planning, engineering and design, environmental, and technical
capabilities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, particularly in
Latin America where the Corps has existing field offices in Honduras,
El Salvador, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. A partnership between
the Corps and USAID which takes advantage of these capabilities can
significantly contribute to the strategic interests of the United
States. The Committee intends that the State Department and AID use
the Corps to support such activities as: child survival (water and
sanitation); development assistance; disaster assistance; transitional
initiatives; and narcotics control and interdiction. Further, the
Committee expects that the Department of State and AID should not
establish additional engineering capabilities for activities that
can be accomplished by the Corps. The Committee requests that AID
and the Department of State report separately within 30 days of enactment
into law of this Act regarding plans to develop programs with the
Corps during fiscal year 1999, including steps to develop a Memorandum
of Agreement with the Corps.
E. Latin
American arms transfers
The House
committee report urged the administration "to carefully assess
the security implications of last year's decision to lift the U.S. ban
on high technology weapons sales to Latin America." It further
recommended that the administration "discuss with Latin American
nations broad arms transfer principles which would allow those nations
to meet their security concerns without spending scarce economic resources
or sparking an arms race in the region."
- Conference
Committee report 105-825 on P.L. 105-277 (H.R. 4328), the Omnibus Consolidated
Appropriations bill which contains the Foreign Operations bill. The
committee report is (as of March 1999) the only known on-line source
for the text of the omnibus bill.
- House
Appropriations Committee Report 105-719 on the Foreign Operations bill
(H.R. 4569), September 15, 1998.
- Senate
Appropriations Committee Report 105-255 on the Foreign Operations bill
(S. 2334), July 22, 1998.
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act for 1999
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